[rust] chore: bump Arrow stack to 59

[michaelmitchell-bit]

Purpose

Updates the Rust Arrow dependency family under fluss-rust/ to 59.0.0 and keeps the direct Arrow crates aligned across core and Python bindings. This is the replacement for apache/fluss-rust#656 after the Rust repo was merged into apache/fluss.

Supersedes the Dependabot-only arrow-schema bump in #3583, which leaves split Arrow versions behind.

Brief change log

• Bump arrow, arrow-schema, arrow-array, and arrow-pyarrow to 59.0.0.
• Bump PyO3 / pyo3-async-runtimes to 0.28 to satisfy arrow-pyarrow 59.
• Replace deprecated PyO3 downcast APIs and make pyclass FromPyObject behavior explicit.

Tests

• cargo fmt --all
• cargo tree -p fluss_python --edges normal | rg -n 'arrow|pyo3'\n- cargo build --workspace --all-targets --exclude fluss_python --exclude fluss-cpp --exclude fluss_nif\n- cargo build -p fluss_python\n- cargo clippy --all-targets --workspace -- -D warnings\n- cargo test --all-targets --workspace --exclude fluss_python --exclude fluss-cpp --exclude fluss_nif\n- cargo doc --workspace --no-deps --exclude fluss_python\n- cargo build -p fluss-cpp -p fluss_nif\n\nNote: fluss-cpp build/doc/clippy emitted the existing non-fatal macOS /usr/bin/ar: illegal option -- D build-script warning locally.