Fix replace-conf-from-env.sh word-splitting env values into junk config lines

[anishmehta24]

Description

docker/src/main/DockerCompose/replace-conf-from-env.sh iterated over the unquoted output of env (for v in $(env)), so any variable whose value contains whitespace was split into words and every lowercase word was appended to iotdb-system.properties as its own line. With the reporter's -e "SOME_VAR=this is a multi word value" the file ended with

is
a
multi
word
value
_=/usr/bin/env

(_=/usr/bin/env came from bash's $_, which the ! 2w$key_name =~ ^_ test never actually filtered). The junk lines also shift the line numbers the sed edits rely on.

While reproducing it I hit a second, independent loss: when the key being overridden sits on the last line of the file, sed -i "${line_no}d" followed by sed -i "${line_no}a..." addresses a line that no longer exists, so the override is silently dropped (dn_rpc_port=7777 disappeared entirely in the repro below).

Changes:

• replace_configs iterates over exported variable names (compgen -e) and reads each value through ${!key_name}, so values are never word-split. A value containing a newline is skipped with a message rather than corrupting the file. Names starting with _ are skipped as intended.
• Paths and key=value pairs are quoted on the way into process_single; the key is taken with ${key_value%%=*}.
• An existing, uncommented key is replaced in place with sed Nc; a commented one still gets the override appended after it; a missing key is appended with sed $a.

Verification

Ran the old and the new script against a 4-line properties file with IOTDB_HOME pointing at a temp dir and SOME_VAR="this is a multi word value" JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS="-Xms1g -Xmx2g" dn_rpc_address=0.0.0.0 dn_rpc_port=7777 dn_new_key="a b c" in the environment.

Before:

# dn_metric_reporter_list=
dn_metric_prometheus_reporter_port=9092
# dn_rpc_address=127.0.0.1
dn_rpc_address=0.0.0.0
is
a
multi
word
value
_=/usr/bin/env

(dn_rpc_port=6667 is gone and 7777 never landed.)

After:

# dn_metric_reporter_list=
dn_metric_prometheus_reporter_port=9092
# dn_rpc_address=127.0.0.1
dn_rpc_address=0.0.0.0
dn_rpc_port=7777
dn_new_key=a b c

bash -n passes; the script only uses bash builtins plus grep/cut/sed as before, so no new image dependency.

Closes #18655

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