fix(envd): distinguish expected stdin lifecycle errors from CodeInternal

packages/envd/internal/services/process/handler/handler.go

@@ -493,14 +493,14 @@ func (p *Handler) ResizeTty(size *pty.Winsize) error {
 
 func (p *Handler) WriteStdin(data []byte) error {
 	if p.tty != nil {
-		return errors.New("tty assigned to process — input should be written to the pty, not the stdin")
+		return ErrStdinOnPty
 	}
 
 	p.stdinMu.Lock()
 	defer p.stdinMu.Unlock()
 
 	if p.stdin == nil {
-		return errors.New("stdin not enabled or closed")
+		return ErrStdinUnavailable
 	}
 
 	_, err := p.stdin.Write(data)
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ func (p *Handler) WriteStdin(data []byte) error {
 // Only works for non-PTY processes.
 func (p *Handler) CloseStdin() error {
 	if p.tty != nil {
-		return errors.New("cannot close stdin for PTY process — send Ctrl+D (0x04) instead")
+		return ErrCloseStdinOnPty
 	}
 
 	p.stdinMu.Lock()
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ func (p *Handler) CloseStdin() error {
 
 func (p *Handler) WriteTty(data []byte) error {
 	if p.tty == nil {
-		return errors.New("tty not assigned to process — input should be written to the stdin, not the tty")
+		return ErrTtyUnavailable
 	}
 
 	_, err := p.tty.Write(data)

packages/envd/internal/services/process/handler/input_error.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package handler
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"connectrpc.com/connect"
+)
+
+// Sentinel errors returned by the stdin/pty input methods for expected process
+// lifecycle states — as opposed to genuine I/O failures. They let the service
+// layer map an input failure to a precise Connect code instead of collapsing
+// everything to CodeInternal (see issue #3622).
+var (
+	// ErrStdinUnavailable means the process cannot accept stdin right now: it was
+	// started with stdin disabled, or stdin has already been closed. This is an
+	// expected precondition failure, not an envd fault.
+	ErrStdinUnavailable = errors.New("stdin not enabled or closed")
+
+	// ErrStdinOnPty means stdin was written to a PTY-backed process; input must
+	// go to the pty instead. An expected precondition failure.
+	ErrStdinOnPty = errors.New("tty assigned to process — input should be written to the pty, not the stdin")
+
+	// ErrTtyUnavailable means a pty write targeted a process that has no tty.
+	ErrTtyUnavailable = errors.New("tty not assigned to process — input should be written to the stdin, not the tty")
+
+	// ErrCloseStdinOnPty means CloseStdin was called on a PTY-backed process.
+	ErrCloseStdinOnPty = errors.New("cannot close stdin for PTY process — send Ctrl+D (0x04) instead")
+)
+
+// InputErrorCode maps a WriteStdin/WriteTty/CloseStdin failure to the Connect
+// code the client should observe.
+//
+//   - Expected process-lifecycle states (stdin disabled/closed, wrong pipe for
+//     the process type, or the child's read end already gone after exit) are
+//     CodeFailedPrecondition: the request was well-formed but the process is not
+//     in a state to accept it.
+//   - Everything else is a real underlying I/O failure and stays CodeInternal.
+//
+// CodeInternal is thus reserved for genuine invariant failures, so a client can
+// distinguish a normal process-state transition from an unexpected envd fault.
+// The process's EndEvent remains the authoritative exit signal; an input error
+// alone must not be treated as the terminal process result.
+func InputErrorCode(err error) connect.Code {
+	switch {
+	// Explicit precondition sentinels from the input methods.
+	case errors.Is(err, ErrStdinUnavailable),
+		errors.Is(err, ErrStdinOnPty),
+		errors.Is(err, ErrTtyUnavailable),
+		errors.Is(err, ErrCloseStdinOnPty):
+		return connect.CodeFailedPrecondition
+	// The process exited and its stdin/pty read end is gone: the write end sees
+	// EPIPE, or Go's file wrapper reports it was already closed (os.ErrClosed /
+	// io.ErrClosedPipe). All are expected once the process is no longer running.
+	case errors.Is(err, syscall.EPIPE),
+		errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed),
+		errors.Is(err, io.ErrClosedPipe),
+		errors.Is(err, fs.ErrClosed):
+		return connect.CodeFailedPrecondition
+	default:
+		return connect.CodeInternal
+	}
+}

packages/envd/internal/services/process/handler/input_error_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+package handler
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"syscall"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"connectrpc.com/connect"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestInputErrorCode(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		err  error
+		name string
+		want connect.Code
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "stdin disabled or closed is a precondition failure",
+			err:  ErrStdinUnavailable,
+			want: connect.CodeFailedPrecondition,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "stdin on a pty process is a precondition failure",
+			err:  ErrStdinOnPty,
+			want: connect.CodeFailedPrecondition,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "pty write with no tty is a precondition failure",
+			err:  ErrTtyUnavailable,
+			want: connect.CodeFailedPrecondition,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "close stdin on a pty process is a precondition failure",
+			err:  ErrCloseStdinOnPty,
+			want: connect.CodeFailedPrecondition,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "wrapped precondition sentinel is still a precondition failure",
+			err:  fmt.Errorf("error writing to stdin of process '%d': %w", 42, ErrStdinUnavailable),
+			want: connect.CodeFailedPrecondition,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "EPIPE after exit is a precondition failure",
+			err:  fmt.Errorf("error writing to stdin of process '%d': %w", 42, syscall.EPIPE),
+			want: connect.CodeFailedPrecondition,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "file already closed after exit is a precondition failure",
+			err:  fmt.Errorf("error writing to stdin of process '%d': %w", 42, os.ErrClosed),
+			want: connect.CodeFailedPrecondition,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "closed pipe after exit is a precondition failure",
+			err:  fmt.Errorf("wrapped: %w", io.ErrClosedPipe),
+			want: connect.CodeFailedPrecondition,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "fs closed after exit is a precondition failure",
+			err:  &fs.PathError{Op: "write", Path: "|1", Err: fs.ErrClosed},
+			want: connect.CodeFailedPrecondition,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unexpected I/O failure stays internal",
+			err:  fmt.Errorf("error writing to stdin of process '%d': %w", 42, syscall.EIO),
+			want: connect.CodeInternal,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "opaque error stays internal",
+			err:  errors.New("something went wrong"),
+			want: connect.CodeInternal,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := InputErrorCode(tc.err)
+			assert.Equalf(t, tc.want, got, "got %s, want %s", got, tc.want)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// Asserts on the code carried by *connect.Error — what the client observes on the wire.
+func TestInputErrorClientObservedCode(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	precond := fmt.Errorf("error writing to stdin: %w", ErrStdinUnavailable)
+	assert.Equal(t, connect.CodeFailedPrecondition, connect.CodeOf(connect.NewError(InputErrorCode(precond), precond)))
+
+	internal := fmt.Errorf("error writing to stdin: %w", syscall.EIO)
+	assert.Equal(t, connect.CodeInternal, connect.CodeOf(connect.NewError(InputErrorCode(internal), internal)))
+}
+
+// WriteStdin returns the typed sentinels for the two synchronous precondition
+// states so the service layer can map them without string matching.
+func TestWriteStdinPreconditionSentinels(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("stdin disabled", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		h := &Handler{} // stdin == nil, no tty
+		err := h.WriteStdin([]byte("x"))
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrStdinUnavailable)
+		assert.Equal(t, connect.CodeFailedPrecondition, InputErrorCode(err))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("pty process rejects stdin", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		// A non-nil tty routes stdin writes to ErrStdinOnPty before any pipe use.
+		h := &Handler{tty: os.NewFile(0, "fake-tty")}
+		err := h.WriteStdin([]byte("x"))
+		require.Error(t, err)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrStdinOnPty)
+		assert.Equal(t, connect.CodeFailedPrecondition, InputErrorCode(err))
+	})
+}
+
+// Reproduces issue #3622: a short-lived non-PTY process whose stdin read end is
+// gone after exit. WriteStdin must surface an expected-lifecycle error that
+// maps to CodeFailedPrecondition, not CodeInternal.
+func TestWriteStdinAfterExitIsPrecondition(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	cmd := exec.Command("/bin/sh", "-c", "exit 0")
+	stdin, err := cmd.StdinPipe()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, cmd.Start())
+
+	h := &Handler{stdin: stdin}
+
+	_ = cmd.Wait()
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	var writeErr error
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		if writeErr = h.WriteStdin([]byte("hello\n")); writeErr != nil {
+			break
+		}
+		time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+	require.Error(t, writeErr, "expected WriteStdin to fail after process exit")
+
+	code := InputErrorCode(writeErr)
+	assert.Equalf(t, connect.CodeFailedPrecondition, code,
+		"post-exit stdin write should be CodeFailedPrecondition, got %s (raw: %v)", code, writeErr)
+}

packages/envd/internal/services/process/input.go

@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ func handleInput(process *handler.Handler, in *rpc.ProcessInput) error {
 	case *rpc.ProcessInput_Pty:
 		err := process.WriteTty(in.GetPty())
 		if err != nil {
-			return connect.NewError(connect.CodeInternal, fmt.Errorf("error writing to tty: %w", err))
+			return connect.NewError(handler.InputErrorCode(err), fmt.Errorf("error writing to tty: %w", err))
 		}
 
 	case *rpc.ProcessInput_Stdin:
 		err := process.WriteStdin(in.GetStdin())
 		if err != nil {
-			return connect.NewError(connect.CodeInternal, fmt.Errorf("error writing to stdin: %w", err))
+			return connect.NewError(handler.InputErrorCode(err), fmt.Errorf("error writing to stdin: %w", err))
 		}
 
 	default:
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ func (s *Service) CloseStdin(
 	_ context.Context,
 	req *connect.Request[rpc.CloseStdinRequest],
 ) (*connect.Response[rpc.CloseStdinResponse], error) {
-	handler, err := s.getProcess(req.Msg.GetProcess())
+	proc, err := s.getProcess(req.Msg.GetProcess())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	if err := handler.CloseStdin(); err != nil {
-		return nil, connect.NewError(connect.CodeUnknown, fmt.Errorf("error closing stdin: %w", err))
+	if err := proc.CloseStdin(); err != nil {
+		return nil, connect.NewError(handler.InputErrorCode(err), fmt.Errorf("error closing stdin: %w", err))
 	}
 
 	return connect.NewResponse(&rpc.CloseStdinResponse{}), nil