test: simplify timers interval rejection assertion

[HoonDongKang]

Replace a rejection-only try/catch block in
test-timers-interval-promisified.js with assert.rejects().

This simplifies the abort rejection test by verifying both the rejection and
the expected error shape in a single assertion, improving readability without
changing the tested behavior.

Refs:

• test: simplify test-tls-connect-abort-controller.js #57338
• implement TLSSocket and connect from node:tls cloudflare/workerd#3594

Tests:

• ./node test/parallel/test-timers-interval-promisified.js
• tools/test.py test/parallel/test-timers-interval-promisified.js

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 90.12%. Comparing base (ad7a5b8) to head (4510c52).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #65322      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   90.11%   90.12%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         752      752              
  Lines      251569   251569              
  Branches    47268    47264       -4     
==========================================
+ Hits       226701   226728      +27     
+ Misses      16233    16183      -50     
- Partials     8635     8658      +23     

see 32 files with indirect coverage changes

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[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/75889/